]> IO Slave IO Slaves enable &kde; applications to access remote resources as easily as local resources (making them network transparent). Remote resources (⪚ files) might be stored on SMB shares or similar. SMB &kde; KIO The &kde; Input/Output system which makes use of so-called IO Slaves. IO Slave &kde; KParts KParts is an embedding technology which allows &kde; applications to embed other &kde; applications. For example, the text view used by &konqueror; is a KPart. &konqueror; KSycoca KSycoca (&kde; System Configuration Cache) is a configuration cache which, for example, guarantees fast access to the menu entries. KBuildSycoca Antialiasing If mentioned in context with &kde;, antialiasing often means the smoothing of the fonts visible on the screen. &Qt; version 2.3.0 or higher used together with XFree86 4.x makes this possible under &kde; as well. &kde; &Qt; &X-Server; The &X-Server; represents a basic layer upon which the various &GUI;s like &kde; are built. It manages the basic mouse and keyboard input (from the local host as well as from remote hosts) and provides elementary graphic routines to draw rectangles and other primitives. &kde; &GUI; KBuildSycoca KBuildSycoca is a command line program and regenerates the so-called KSycoca. This is useful, for example, if some or all modules in &kcontrol; are missing. KSycoca &kcontrol; &kcontrol; This is the project and filename of the &kde; control center. &kcontrol; allows you to customize virtually every configuration option of &kde;. &kde; &kicker; &kicker; is the nickname as well as project name of the &kde; panel. &kde; Panel &konqueror; &konqueror; is a filemanager, web browser, picture viewer and more, and a core part of the &kde; project. You can find more information about &konqueror; at www.konqueror.org. &kde; &ksirc; &ksirc; is the default IRC client, which is shipped with &kde;. You can use &ksirc; to chat with anyone on an IRC network. IRC Drag and Drop This concept tries to replace many actions like copying files from one place to another by a certain mouse movement, ⪚ clicking on an icon in a &konqueror; window, moving the mouse to another window while keeping the mouse button pressed, and releasing the mouse button (dropping the object) copies files. &konqueror; &GUI; Abbreviation for Graphical User Interface. Every desktop environment (like &kde;) is a &GUI;. Most &GUI;s feature mouse support and/or windows to manage the programs. &kde; &kde; Abbreviation for K Desktop Environment, a leading &GUI; for &UNIX;-based systems. You can find more detailled information at www.kde.org. &GUI; GNOME GNU Network Object Model Environment, one of the leading &UNIX; &GUI;s. &GUI; Panel Refers to the panel (also known as &kicker;) which often resides at the bottom of the screen. &kde; &kicker; ripping The process of reading audio data from a &cdrom; and storing it on the hard disk. &Qt; The &GUI; of &kde; is built on top of the &Qt; toolkit, which provides many graphical elements (so-called Widgets) which are used to construct the desktop. You can find more information about &Qt; at www.trolltech.com. &kde; &GUI; Widget i18n Abbreviation for internationalization. &kde; supports many different languages, and several i18n techniques make it easy to translate the &GUI; as well as the accompanying documents of &kde; into all these languages. More information about the i18n process is available at i18n.kde.org. &kde; &GUI; l10n Abbreviation for localization, the process of adapting a program to the local environment. This includes ⪚ the currency used for monetary values or the time format. i18n Widget Graphical elements like scrollbars, buttons or input fields which are used by &kde; to construct the &GUI;. &kde; &GUI; CVS Concurrent Version System. The CVS is a very elegant way of managing file versions that allow more than one developer to easily work on the same project. You can find a description of how to get the latest (developer) version of the &kde; sources via anonymous CVS on http://www.kde.org/anoncvs.html. More about CVS is available at www.cvshome.org. RFC Request For Comment. A common way to publish new protocol ideas or procedures for evaluation of the Internet community. Though RFCs are not mandatory, many applications try to adhere to them, once they have been approved by the community. More information about RFCs can be found at the RFC Homepage. SMB Server Message Block. A network protocol used in &Microsoft; &Windows; networks to access the filesystems of other computers. IO Slave IRC Internet Relay Chat. A protocol defined in RFC 1459, which handles the specification to enable real time text chat. RFC host This can either be a name from your /etc/hosts file (mycomputer), an Internet name (www.kde.org) or an IP-Address (192.168.0.10). --> ACLs Abbreviation for Access Control Lists; ACLs are used to check for the access by a given (authenticated) user. A first rough support for ACLs for printing is available from ∪︀; this will be refined in future versions. Authentication AppSocket Protocol AppSocket is a protocol for the transfer of print data, also frequently called "Direct TCP/IP Printing". &Hewlett-Packard; have taken AppSocket, added a few minor extensions around it and been very successful in renaming and marketing it under the brand "&HP; JetDirect"... &HP; JetDirect Protocol Direct TCP/IP Printing APSfilter APSfilter is used mainly in the context of "classical" &UNIX; printing (BSD-style LPD). It is a sophisticated shell script, disguised as an "all-in-one" filtering program. In reality, APSfilter calls "real filters" to do the jobs needed. It sends printjobs automatically through these other filters, based on an initial file-type analysis of the printfile. It is written and maintained by Andreas Klemm. It is similar to Magicfilter and mostly uses Ghostscript for file conversions. Some Linux Distributions (like &SuSE;) use APSfilter, others Magicfilter (like &RedHat;), some have both for preference selection (like *BSD). ∪︀ has no need for APSfilter, as it runs its own file type recognition (based on &MIME; types) and applies its own filtering logic. Ghostscript Magicfilter &MIME;-Types printcap Authentication Proving the identity of a certain person (maybe via username/password or by means of a certificate) is often called authentication. Once you are authenticated, you may or may not get access to a requested ressource, possibly based on ACLs. ACLs Bi-directional communication In the context of printing, a server or a host may receive additional information sent back from the printer (status messages &etc;), either upon a query or unrequested. AppSocket ( = &HP; JetDirect), ∪︀ and IPP support bi-directional communication, LPR/LPD and BSD-style printing do not... AppSocket Protocol ∪︀ Direct TCP/IP Printing &HP; JetDirect IPP LPR/LPD BSD-style Printing Generic term for different variants of the traditional &UNIX; printing method. Its first version appeared in the early 70s on BSD &UNIX; and was formally described in RFC 1179 only as late as 1990. At the time when BSD "remote" printing was first designed, printers were serially or otherwise directly connected devices to a host (with the Internet hardly consisting of more than 100 nodes!); printers used hole-punched, continuous paper, fed through by a tractor mechanism, with simple rows of ASCII text mechanically hammered on to the medium, drawn from a cardboard box beneath the table. It came out like a zig-zag folded paper "snake". Remote printing consisted of a neighboring host in the next room sending a file asking for printout. How technology has changed! Printers generally use cut-sheet media, they have built-in intelligence to compute the raster images of pages after pages that are sent to them using one of the powerful page description languages (PDL). Many are network nodes in their own right, with CPU, RAM, a hard disk and their own Operation System, and are hooked to a net with potentially millions of users... It is a vast proof of the flexible &UNIX; concept for doing things, that it made "Line Printing" reliably work even under these modern conditions. But time has finally come now to go for something new -- the IPP. It is strong proof of the flexibility of &UNIX;; that "Line Printing" works reliably, even under these modern conditions. But time has finally come now to go for something new -- the IPP. IPP ∪︀ LPR/LPD printing ∪︀ Abbreviation for Common UNIX Printing System; ∪︀ is the most modern &UNIX; and Linux printing system, also providing cross-platform print services to &Microsoft; &Windows; and Apple &MacOS; clients. Based on IPP, it does away with all the pitfalls of old-style BSD printing, providing authentication, encryption and ACLs, plus many more features. At the same time it is backward-compatible enough to serve all legacy clients that are not yet up to IPP, via LPR/LPD (BSD-style). ∪︀ is able to control any &PostScript; printer by utilizing the vendor-supplied PPD (PostScript Printer Description file), targeted originally for &Microsoft; Windows NT printing only. &kde; Printing is most powerful if based on ∪︀. ACLs Authentication BSD-style printing IPP KDEPrint LPR/LPD PPD ∪︀-FAQ Currently only available in German (translation is on the way), the ∪︀-FAQ is a valuable resource to answer many questions that anyone new to ∪︀ printing might have at first. KDEPrint Handbook ∪︀-O-Matic ∪︀-O-Matic was the first "Third Party" plugin for the ∪︀ printing software. It is available on the Linuxprinting.org website to provide an online PPD-generating service. Together with the companion cupsomatic Perl-Script, that needs to be installed as an additional ∪︀ backend, it redirects output from the native pstops filter into a chain of suitable Ghostscript filters. Upon completion, it passes the resulting data back to a ∪︀ "backend" for sending to the printer. In this way, ∪︀-O-Matic enables support for any printer known to have worked previously in a "classical" Ghostscript environment. If no native ∪︀ support for that printer is in sight... ∪︀-O-Matic is now replaced by the more capable PPD-O-Matic. cupsomatic PPD-O-Matic Foomatic cupsomatic The Perl script cupsomatic (plus a working Perl installation on your system) is needed to make any ∪︀-O-Matic (or PPD-O-Matic) generated PPD work with ∪︀. It was written by Grant Taylor, author of the Linux Printing HOWTO and Maintainer of the printer database at the Linuxprinting.org website. ∪︀-O-Matic Foomatic cupsomatic Daemon Abbreviation for Disk and execution monitor; Daemons are present on all &UNIX; systems to perform tasks independent of user intervention. Readers more familiar with &Microsoft; &Windows; might want to compare daemons and the tasks they are responsible with "services". One example of a daemon present on most legacy &UNIX; systems is the LPD (Line Printer Daemon); ∪︀ is widely seen as the successor to LPD in the &UNIX; world and it also operates through a daemon. SPOOLing Database, Linuxprinting.org Already years ago, when Linux printing was still really difficult (only command line printing was known to most Linux users, no device specific print options were available for doing the jobs), Grant Taylor, author of the "Linux Printing HOWTO", collected most of the available information about printers, drivers and filters in his database. With the emerging ∪︀ concept, extending the use of PPDs even to non-PostScript printers, he realized the potential of this database: if one puts the different datablobs (with content that could be described along the lines "Which device prints with which Ghostscript or other filter?", "How well?", and "What command line switches are available?") into PPD-compatible files, he could have all the power of ∪︀ on top of the traditional printer "drivers". This has now developed into a broader concept, known as "Foomatic". Foomatic extends the capabilities of spoolers other than ∪︀ (LPR/LPD, LPRng, PDQ, PPR) to a certain degree ("stealing" some concepts from ∪︀). The Linuxprinting Database is not a Linux-only stop -- people running other &UNIX; based OSes (like *BSD or &MacOS; X) will also find valuable information and software there. Foomatic Linuxprinting database Direct TCP/IP Printing This is a method that often uses TCP/IP port 9100 to connect to the printer. It works with many modern network printers and has a few advantages over LPR/LPD, as it is faster and provides some "backchannel feedback data" from the printer to the host sending the job. AppSocket Protocol &HP; JetDirect Protocol Drivers, Printer Drivers The term "printer drivers", used in the same sense as on the &Microsoft; &Windows; platform, is not entirely applicable to a Linux or &UNIX; platform. A "driver" functionality is supplied on &UNIX; by different modular components working together. At the core of the printer drivers are "filters". Filters convert print files from a given input format to another format that is acceptable to the target printer. In many cases filters may be connected to a whole filter "chain", where only the result of the last conversion is sent to the printer. The actual transfer of the print data to the device is performed by a "backend". Filter PPDs Easy Software Products Mike Sweet's company, which has contributed a few substantial software products towards the Free Software community; amongst them the initial version of Gimp-Print, the EPM software packaging tool and HTMLDOC (used by the "Linux Documentation Project" to build the PDF versions of the HOWTOs) -- but most importantly: ∪︀ (the 'Common &UNIX; Printing System'). ESP finance themselves by selling a commercial version of ∪︀, called ESP PrintPro, that includes some professional enhancements. ∪︀ ESP PrintPro ESP Gimp-Print Encryption Encryption of confidential data is an all-important issue if you transfer it over the Internet or even within intranets. Printing via traditional protocols is not encrypted at all -- it is very easy to tap and eavesdrop ⪚ into &PostScript; or PCL data transfered over the wire. Therefore, in the design of IPP, provision was made for the easy plugin of encryption mechanisms (which can be provided by the same means as the encryption standards for HTTP traffic: SSL and TLS). Authentication ∪︀ IPP SSL TLS Epson Epson inkjets are among the best supported models by Free software drivers, as the company was not necessarily as secretive about their devices and handed technical specification documents to developers. The excellent print quality achieved by Gimp-Print on the Stylus series of printers can be attributed to this openness. They have also contracted Easy Software Products to maintain an enhanced version of Ghostscript ("ESP GhostScript") for improved support of their printer portfolio. ESP Ghostscript Escape Sequences The first ever printers printed ASCII data only. To initiate a new line, or eject a page, they included special command sequences, often carrying a leading [ESC]-character. &HP; evolved this concept through its series of PCL language editions until today, having now developed a full-blown Page Description Language (PDL) from these humble beginnings. PCL PDL ESC/P Abbreviation for Epson Standard Codes for Printers. Besides &PostScript; and PCL, Epson's ESC/P printer language is one of the best known. PCL &PostScript; hpgl ESP Abbreviation for Easy Software Products; the company that developed ∪︀ (the "Common &UNIX; Printing System"). Easy Software Products ∪︀ ESP PrintPro ESP Ghostscript A Ghostscript version that is maintained by Easy Software Products. It includes pre-compiled Gimp-Print drivers for many inkjets (plus some other goodies). ESP Ghostscript will produce photographic quality prints in many cases, especially with the Epson Stylus model series. ESP Ghostscript is GPL-software. Easy Software Products ∪︀ ESP PrintPro ESP PrintPro This professional enhancement to ∪︀ (the "Common &UNIX; Printing System") is sold by the developers of ∪︀ complete with more than 2,300 printer drivers for several commercial &UNIX; platforms. ESP PrintPro is supposed to work "out of the box" with little or no configuration for users or admins. ESP also sell support contracts for ∪︀ and PrintPro. These sales help to feed the programmers who develop the Free version of ∪︀. ∪︀ Filter Filters, in general, are programs that take some input data, work on it and pass it on as their output data. Filters may or may not change the data. Filters in the context of printing, are programs that convert a given file (destined for printing, but not suitable in the format it is presently) into a printable format. Sometimes whole "filter chains" have to be constructed to achieve the goal, piping the output of one filter as the input to the next. Ghostscript RIP Foomatic Foomatic started out as the wrapper name for a set of different tools available from Linuxprinting.org These tools aimed to make the usage of traditional Ghostscript and other print filters easier for users and extend the filters' capabilities by adding more command line switches or explain the driver's execution data. Foomatic's different incarnations are ∪︀-O-Matic, PPD-O-Matic, PDQ-O-Matic, LPD-O-Matic, PPR-O-Matic, MF-O-Matic and Direct-O-Matic. All of these allow the generation of appropriate printer configuration files online, by simply selection the suitable model and suggested (or alternate) driver for that machine. More recently, Foomatic gravitated towards becoming a "meta-spooling" system, that allows configuration of the underlying print subsystem through a unified set of commands (however, this is much more complicated than KDEPrint's &GUI; interface, which performs a similar task with regards to different print subsystems). ∪︀-O-Matic PPD-O-Matic cupsomatic Ghostscript Ghostscript is a &PostScript; Raster Image Processor (RIP) in software, originally developed by L. Peter Deutsch. There is always a GPL version of Ghostscript available for free usage and distribution (mostly 1 year old) while the current version is commercially sold under another license. Ghostscript is widely used inside the Linux and &UNIX; world for transforming &PostScript; into raster data suitable for sending to non-&PostScript; devices. &PostScript; RIP Gimp-Print Contrary to its name, Gimp-Print is no longer just the plugin to be used for printing from the popular Gimp program -- its codebase can also serve to be compiled into... *...a set of PPDs and associated filters that integrate seamlessly into ∪︀, supporting around 130 different printer models, providing photographic output quality in many cases; *...a Ghostscript filter that can be used with any other program that needs a software-RIP; *...a library that can be used by other software applications in need of rasterization functions. Lexmark Drivers RIP Ghostscript &HP; Abbreviation for Hewlett-Packard; one of the first companies to distribute their own Linux printer drivers. -- More recently, the Company has released their "HPIJS" package of drivers, including source code and a Free license. This is the first printer manufacturer to do so. HPIJS supports most current models of HP Ink- and DeskJets. &HP;/GL Abbreviation for &HP; Graphical Language; a &HP; printer language mainly used for plotters; many CAD (Computer Aided Design) software programs output &HP;/GL files for printing. ESC/P PCL &PostScript; &HP; JetDirect Protocol A term branded by &HP; to describe their implementation of print data transfer to the printer via an otherwise "AppSocket" or "Direct TCP/IP Printing" named protocol. AppSocket Protocol Direct TCP/IP Printing IETF Abbreviation for Internet Engineering Task Force; an assembly of Internet, software and hardware experts that discuss new networking technologies and very often arrive at conclusions that are regarded by many as standards. "TCP/IP" is the most famous example. IETF standards, as well as drafts, discussions, ideas and useful tutorials, are put in writing in the famous series of "RFCs", which are available to the public and included in most Linux and BSD distributions. IPP PWG RFC IPP Abbreviation for Internet Printing Protocol; defined in a series of RFCs accepted by the IETF with status "proposed standard"; was designed by the PWG. -- IPP is a completely new design for network printing, but it utilizes a very well-known and proven method for the actual data transfer: HTTP 1.1! By not "re-inventing the wheel", and basing itself on an existing and robust Internet standard, IPP is able to relatively easily bolt other HTTP-compatible standard mechanisms into its framework: * Basic, Digest or Certificate authentication mechanisms; * SSL or TLS for encryption of transferred data; * LDAP for directory services (to publish data on printers, device-options, drivers, costs or also to the network; or to check for passwords while performing authentication). ∪︀ PWG IETF RFC TLS KDEPrint The new printing functionality of &kde; since version 2.2 consists of several modules that translate the features and settings of different available print subsystems (∪︀, BSD-style LPR/LPD, RLPR...) into nice &kde; desktop &GUI; windows and dialogs to ease their usage. Most important for day-to-day usage is "kprinter", the new &GUI; print command. -- Note: KDEPrint does not implement its own spooling mechanism or its own &PostScript; processing; for this it relies on the selected print subsystem -- however it does add some functionality of its own on top of this foundation... BSD-style printing ∪︀ kprinter KDEPrint Handbook KDEPrint Handbook... ...is the name of the reference document that describes KDEPrint functions to users and administrators. You can load it into Konqueror by typing "help:/kdeprint" into the address field. The KDEPrint website is the resource for updates to this documentation, as well as PDF versions suitable for printing it. It is authored and maintained by Kurt Pfeifle. ∪︀-FAQ kprinter kprinter is the new powerful print utility that is natively used by all &kde; applications. Contrary to some common misconceptions, kprinter is not a ∪︀-only tool, but supports different print subsystems. You can even switch to a different print subsystem "on the fly", in between two jobs, without re-configuration. Of course, due to the powerful features of ∪︀, kprinter is best suited for use with a ∪︀ frontend. kprinter is the successor to "qtcups", which is no longer being actively maintained. It has inherited all the best features of qtcups and added several new ones. MOST IMPORTANT: you can use kprinter with all its features in all non-&kde; applications that allow a customized print command, like gv, Acrobat Reader, Netscape, Mozilla, Galeon, StarOffice, OpenOffice and all GNOME programs. kprinter can act as a "standalone" utility, started from an X-Terminal or a "Mini-CLI" to print many different files, from different folders, with different formats, in one job and simultaneously, without the need to first open the files in the applications! (File formats supported this way are &PostScript;, PDF, International and ASCII Text, as well as many different popular graphic formats, such as PNG, TIFF, JPEG, PNM, Sun RASTER, &etc;) QtCUPS Lexmark was one of the first companies to distribute their own Linux printer drivers for some of their models. However, those drivers are binary only (no source code available), and therefore cannot be used to integrate into other Free printing software projects. Linuxprinting.org Linuxprinting.org = not just for Linux; all &UNIX;-like OS-es, like *BSD and commercial Unices may find useful printing information on this site. This web site is the home for the interesting Foomatic project, that strives to develop the "Meta Print Spool and Driver Configuration Toolset" (being able to configure, through one common interface, different print subsystems and their required drivers) with the ability to transfer all queues, printers and configuration files seamlessly to another spooler without new configuration effort. -- Also, they maintain the Printing Database; a collection of driver and device information that enables everybody to find the most current information about printer models, and also generate online the configuration files for any spooler/driver/device combo known to work with one of the common Linux or &UNIX; print subsystems. Linuxprinting database Linuxprinting.org Database ....Database containing printers and drivers that are suitable for them... ...a lot of information and documentation to be found... ...it is now also providing some tools and utilities for easing the integration of those drivers into a given system... ...the "Foomatic" family of utilities; being the toolset to make use of the database for most of the commonly used print subsystems, for generating "on the fly" working configurations for your printer model. Foomatic LPR/LPD printing LPR == some people translate Line Printing Request, others: Line Printer Remote. BSD-style printing Magicfilter Similarly to the APSfilter program, Magicfilter provides automatic file type recognition functions and, base on that, automatic file conversion to a printable format, depending on the target printer. APSfilter &MIME;-Types Abbreviation for Multipurpose (or Multimedia) Internet Mail Extensions; &MIME;-Types were first used to allow the transport of binary data (like mail attachments containing graphics) over mail connections that were normally only transmitting ASCII characters: the data had to be encoded into an ASCII representation. Later this concept was extended to describe a data format in a platform independent, but at the same time non-ambiguous, way. From &Windows; everybody knows the .doc extensions for &Microsoft; Word files. This is handled ambiguously on the &Windows; platform: .doc extensions are also used for simple text files or for Adobe Framemaker files. And if a real Word file is renamed with a different extension, it can no longer be opened by the program. &MIME; typed files carry a recognition string with them, describing their file format based on main_category/sub_category. Inside IPP, print files are also described using the &MIME; type scheme. &MIME; types are registered with the IANA (Internet Assigning Numbers Association) to keep them unambiguous. ∪︀ has some &MIME; types of its own registered, like application/vnd.cups-raster (for the ∪︀-internal raster image format). ∪︀ Easy Software Products ESP PrintPro Gimp-Print PCL Abbreviation for Printer Control Language; developed by &HP;. PCL started off in version 1 as a simple command set for ASCII printing; now, in its versions PCL6 and PCL-X, it is capable of printing graphics and color -- but outside the &Microsoft; &Windows; realm and &HP-UX; (&HP;'s own brand of &UNIX;), it is not commonly used... ESC/P &HP;/GL PDL &PostScript; PDL Abbreviation for Page Description Language; PDLs describe, in an abstract way, the graphical representation of a page. - Before it is actually transferred into toner or ink laid down on to paper, a PDL needs to be "interpreted" first. In &UNIX;, the most important PDL is &PostScript;. ESC/P &HP;/GL PCL &PostScript; Pixel Abbreviation for Picture Element; this term describes the smallest part of a raster picture (either as printed on paper or as displayed on a monitor by cathode rays or LCD elements). As any graphical or image representation on those types of output devices is composed of pixels, the values of "ppi" (pixel per inch) and &dpi; (dots per inch) are one important parameter for the overall quality and resolution of an image. Filter Ghostscript &PostScript; Raster PJL Abbreviation for Print Job Language; developed by &HP; to control and influence default and per-job settings of a printer. It may not only be used for &HP;'s own (PCL-)printers; also many &PostScript; and other printers understand PJL commands sent to them inside a print job, or in a separate signal. PCL &PostScript; &PostScript; (often shortened to "PS") is the de-facto standard in the &UNIX; world for printing files. It was developed by Adobe and licensed to printer manufacturers and software companies. As the &PostScript; specifications were published by Adobe, there are also "Third Party" implementations of &PostScript; generating and &PostScript; interpreting software available (one of the best-known in the Free software world being Ghostscript, a powerful PS-interpreter). ESC/P &HP;/GL PCL PPD PPD Abbreviation for PostScript Printer Description; PPDs are ASCII files storing all information about the special capabilities of a printer, plus definitions of the (PostScript- or PJL-) commands to call on a certain capability (like print duplexing). As the explanation of the acronym reveals, PPDs were originally only used for &PostScript; printers. ∪︀ has extended the PPD concept to all types of printers. PPDs for &PostScript; printers are provided by the printer vendors. They can be used with ∪︀ and KDEPrint to have access to the full features of any &PostScript; printer. The KDEPrint Team recommends using a PPD originally intended for use with &Microsoft; Windows NT. PPDs for non-PostScript printers need a companion "filter" to process the &PostScript; print files into a format digestible for the non-PostScript target device. Those PPD/filter combos are not (yet) available from the vendors. After the initiative by the ∪︀ developers to utilize PPDs, the Free Software community was creative enough to quickly come up with support for most of the currently used printer models, through PPDs and classical Ghostscript filters. But note: the printout quality varies from "hi-quality photographic output" (using Gimp-Print with most Epson inkjets) to "hardly readable" (using Foomatic-enabled Ghostscript filters for models rated as "paperweight" in the Linuxprinting.org database). ∪︀ Linuxprinting.org &PostScript; PPD-O-Matic PPD-O-Matic is a set of Perl scripts that run on the Linuxprinting.org web server and can be used online to generate PPDs for any printer that is known to print with Ghostscript. These PPDs can be hooked up to ∪︀/KDEPrint, as well as used inside PPD-aware applications like StarOffice to determine all different parameters of your printjobs. It is now recommended, in most cases, to use "PPD-O-Matic" instead of the older ∪︀-O-Matic. To generate a PPD, go to the printer database, select your printer model, follow the link to show the available Ghostscript filters for that printer, select one, click "generate" and finally save the file to your local system. Be sure to read the instructions. Make sure that your local system does indeed have Ghostscript and the filter, which you chose before generating the PPD, installed. &PostScript; ∪︀-O-Matic Linuxprinting.org Foomatic printcap In BSD-style print systems, the "printcap" file holds the configuration information; the printing daemon reads this file to determine which printers are available, what filters are to be user for each, where the spooling folder is located, if there are banner pages to be used, and so on... Some applications also depend on read access to the printcap file, to obtain the names of available printers. BSD-style printing Printer-MIB Abbreviation for Printer-Management Information Base; the Printer-MIB defines a set of parameters that are to be stored inside the printer for access through the network. This is useful if many (in some cases, literally thousands) network printers are managed centrally with the help of SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). PWG SNMP PWG Abbreviation for Printer Working Group; the PWG is a loose grouping of representatives of the printer industry that has, in the past years, developed different standards in relation to network printing. These were later accepted by the IETF as RFC standards, like the "Printer-MIB" and the IPP. &PostScript; IPP Printer-MIB SNMP print:/ KIO Slave You can use a syntax of "print:/..." to get quick access to KDEPrint resources. Typing "print:/manager" as a Konqueror URL address gives administrative access to KDEPrint. Konqueror uses &kde;'s famous "KParts" technology to achieve that. IO Slave KParts Printer Database . Linuxprinting Database Qt∪︀ Qt∪︀ and KUPS were the predecessors of KDEPrint; they are now deprecated and no longer maintained. What was good in qtcups is all inherited by "kprinter", the new KDE print dialog (which is much improved over qtcups); what you liked about kups is now all in the KDEPrint Manager (accessible via the KDE Control Center or via the URL "print:/manager" from Konqueror) -- with more functionality and less bugs... Its former developer, Michael Goffioul, is now the developer of KDEPrint -- a very nice and productive guy and quick bug fixer... kprinter Raster Image Every picture on a physical medium is composed of a pattern of discrete dots in different colors and (maybe) sizes. This is called a "raster image". This is as opposed to a "vector image" where the graphic is described in terms of continuous curves, shades, forms and filled areas, represented by mathematical formula. Vector images normally have a smaller file size and may be scaled in size without any loss of information and quality --- but they cannot be output directly, but always have to be "rendered" or "rasterized" first to the given resolution that the output device is capable of... The rasterization is done by a Raster Image Processor (RIP, often the Ghostscript software) or some other filtering instance. Pixel Ghostscript &PostScript; Filter RIP RIP Abbreviation for Raster Image Process(or); if used in the context of printing, "RIP" means a hardware or software instance that converts &PostScript; (or other print formats that are represented in one of the non-Raster PDLs) into a raster image format in such a way that it is acceptable for the "marking engine" of the printer. &PostScript; printers contain their own PostScript-RIPs. A RIP may or may not be located inside a printer. For many &UNIX; systems, Ghostscript is the package that provides a "RIP in software", running on the host computer, and pre-digesting the &PostScript; or other data to become ready to be sent to the printing device (hence you may perceive a "grain of truth" in the slogan "Ghostscript turns your printer into a &PostScript; machine", which of course is not correct in the true sense of the meaning). Filter Ghostscript &PostScript; PDL Raster RLPR (Remote LPR) Abbreviation for Remote Line Printing Request; this is a BSD-style printing system, that needs no root privileges to be installed, and no "printcap" to work: all parameters may be specified on the command line. RLPR comes in handy for many laptop users who are working in frequently changing environments. This is because it may be installed concurrently with every other printing sub system, and allows a very flexible and quick way to install a printer for direct access via LPR/LPD. KDEPrint has an "Add Printer Wizard" to make RLPR usage even easier. The kprinter command allows switching to RLPR "on the fly" at any time. KDEPrint kprinter printcap SNMP Abbreviation for Simple Network Management Protocol; SNMP is widely used to control all types of network node (Hosts, Routers, Switches, Gateways, Printers...) remotely. PWG Printer-MIB SSL(3) encryption Abbreviation for Secure Socket Layer; SSL is a proprietary encryption method for data transfer over HTTP that was developed by Netscape. It is now being replaced by an IETF standard named TLS. TLS SPOOLing Abbreviation for Synchronous Peripheral Operations OnLine; SPOOLing enables printing applications (and users) to continue their work as the job is being taken care of by a system daemon, which stores the file at a temporary location until the printer is ready to print. Daemon TLS encryption Abbreviation for Transport Layer Security; TLS is an encryption standard for data transfered over HTTP 1.1; it is defined in RFC 2246; although based on the former SSL development (from Netscape) it is not fully compatible with it. SSL(3) System V-style printing This is the second flavor of traditional &UNIX; printing (as opposed to BSD-style printing). It uses a different command set (lp, lpadmin,...) to BSD, but is not fundamentally different from it. However, the gap between the two is big enough to make the two incompatible, so that a BSD-client cannot simply print to a System V style print server without additional tweaking... IPP is supposed to resolve this weakness and more. BSD-style printing IPP TurboPrint Shareware software providing photo quality printing for many inkjet printers. It is useful if you are unable to find a driver for your printer and may be hooked into either a traditional Ghostscript system or a modern ∪︀ system. Gimp-Print XPP Abbreviation for X Printing Panel; XPP was the first Free graphical print command for ∪︀, written by Till Kamppeter, and in some ways a model for the "kprinter" utility in &kde;. greeter The greeter is the login dialog, &ie; the part of &kdm; which the user sees. entropy ... Terminal emulator Terminal emulator is simply a windowed shell; this is known as command line window in some other environments. If you want to use the shell, you should know at least a few of the system-level commands for your operating system. Applet A small application that occupies very little memory and screen space, and at the same time gives you some useful information or provides a control shortcut. For instance the Clock applet shows current time and date (and even a month diary if you click it), and System Monitor applet shows how busy your machine currently is in real-time. Legacy Application An X-window application which was not written with &kde; in mind. Such applications run fine in &kde;. However, they are not warned automatically when you shut down your &kde; session. You therefore must not forget to save documents open in these applications before you log out from &kde;. Additionally, many of these applications do not support copying and pasting from &kde; compliant applications. &Netscape; 4.x browser is a prominent example of such application Some GNOME applications may provide limited interoperability with the &kde;.. Console Application Application originally written for non-graphic, text oriented environment. Such applications run fine in &kde;. They must run within console emulator, like &konsole;. They are not warned automatically when you shut down your &kde; session. You therefore must not forget to save documents open in these applications before you log out from the &kde;. Console applications support copying and pasting from KDE-compliant applications.Simply mark the text in the console application with your mouse, switch to the KDE-compliant application and press &Ctrl; V to paste the text. If you want to copy from &kde; application to a console application, first mark the text with your mouse, press &Ctrl; C, switch to the console application and press the middle button on your mouseIf your mouse does not have a middle button, you must press left and right button at the same time. This is called middle button emulation and it must be supported by your operating system to work.. active task A task which has a timer running. desktop GNU/Linux, FreeBSD and other systems that run X-Windows have multiple desktops. You typically have four different desktops installed by default. Each desktop can display it's own set of programs and files. When KDE first starts up, the desktop you see is Desktop 1. If you press &Alt;F2, you will see Desktop 2. Pressing &Alt;F1 will bring back Desktop 1. history If &karm; is configured to log history, it will record ever start/stop timer event. This history is never cleared when times are reset cleared and remains on file until the task is deleted. session A user-defined starting point for the session timers. A new session begins when you select File Start New Session . Session data is not saved when you create a new session. Session Time The time spent on the task since the session began. system tray The system tray is in the bar that (by default) appears at the bottom of the screen. In this system tray the &karm; icon is on the far right. top level task A task with no parent tasks. Total Session Time The time spent on the task and all it's subtasks since the session began. Time The time spent on the task since all times were reset. Total Time The time spent on the task and all it's subtasks since all times were reset. Article An article in the sense of newspapers: special articles are, for example, followups; replies are not articles but Email. Canceling To delete one of your articles from the newsserver: the newsreader generates a special control message to tell the server to delete this article. Crossposting The posting of an article in several newsgroups; this is very often disliked, because it disturbs the topic-oriented association of the newsgroups. Expire Articles can not be held for eternity because of harddisk limits. Because of this there is usually a program called expire on most computer systems; this program deletes all articles which are older than a configured number of days. &knode; includes this functionality on its own. FAQ FAQ is the acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. Followup An article which is written as an answer to another article. GNKSA GNKSA is a kind of seal-of-approval for newsreaders; you can get more information at http://www.gnksa.org. Header The Header of an article contains information about the sender, the subject, and the newsgroup of the article. Killfile This is a functionality of a newsreader to hide articles of a determined sender or with certain contents. Message-ID The Message-ID of an article is a clear mark for the newsserver to identify the article. A Message-ID should not be used twice in the whole usenet for about 2 years; wrong or double Message-IDs could cause problems when forwarding them and could overwrite other articles. Newbie Somebody who is new somewhere, in relationship to usenet: somebody who is new to the newsgroup, or new to usenet in general. Newsgroup A kind-of bulletin board in the usenet about a special topic or a group of topics. This is where you post your articles. Newsreader A program for reading and writing news. NNTP Network News Transport Protocol; this is the protocol which defines how the articles in the usenet are spread. Port A kind-of address for the application to listen for data on and for connecting to another computer; the standard-port for the connection between the newsreader and the newsserver is 119. PGP-Signature A digital signature; you can use it to determine whether the document has been changed since it was signed or if it is the original text from the author. Posting Either an article which is sent to usenet or the act of sending itself; you are posting an article into a newsgroup. Quoting This is the act of citing of an article to which you are answering: you quote the original article to make clear which passages of text your answer refers to. Reply A reply is an answer to the author of an article by e-mail. Scoring This is the valuation of an article or a thread. Signature A signature is a personal sign of the author which is attached at the end of the normal contents of the article; it is like a visiting card — very often there are e-mail addresses, a homepage URL or other personal data. The signature should not be longer than 4 lines. Note that the signature should not be mixed up with the PGP-signature. Supersede This is the overwriting of an existing article: the newsreader generates a special article with a control message in the header which tells the newsserver to overwrite the existing article with this one. Calendar Widget A tool for choosing the date inside certain entry windows, like event editing window. It is displayed as a small button to the right of the date field. When you click the button, you will see a month calendar. Use the arrows to go to a desired date, or click on the month name or year number to go directly to the desired month or year. Date Navigator The calendar that is in the upper-left corner of the &korganizer; window. It is the main way provided to navigate among dates, and to select from them. The single-arrow icons move forwards and backwards in time by increments of a month, while the double-arrows allow moving by years at a time. Today's date will be outlined with a small box. Dates which have events scheduled on them will be bold. If you want to select a date, simply click on it. Hold down the Control key and click the dates if you wish to select multiple neighbor dates at once. The dates will be displayed in the main panel. Recurring events are not always displayed. You can forbid the display of recurring appointments in the Date Navigator. Due Date A due date is simply the date when your task must be finished. For instance, if your To-Do task is that you must return your books to the library by 16th November, that date is called the To-Do task due date Main panel Normally the largest part of the screen, to the right of the Date Navigator. It displays the View of the day, workdays, week or month, the List View or the To-Do View. The right mouse button can be used in the List view and To-Do view only. It displays a local menu. The left mouse button can be used in any view. RDF Resource Description Framework. A language derived from XML which describes metadata. Commonly used as a backend format for articles and other publications. For more detailed information on RDF files, you might want to go directly to the official page on RDF files at the World Wide Web Consortium. RSS The RDF Site Summary is actually an extension to the RDF language. Quoting the official RSS v1.0 specification: RDF Site Summary (RSS) is a lightweight multipurpose extensible metadata description and syndication format. RSS is an XML application, conforms to the W3C's RDF specification and is extensible via XML-namespace and/or RDF based modularization. XML The Extensible Markup Language is the universal format for structured documents and data on the Web. It's a derivate of SGML which fits the need of the world wide web. You might want to check the the Extensible Markup Language page at the World Wide Web Consortium for further information. W3C An abbreviation for World Wide Web Consortium. Quoting the official homepage of the W3C, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential as a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding &URL; &URL; stands for Uniform Resource Locator, a specially formatted string which can reference resources like images, documents and other things on the Internet. Please refer to the corresponding webpage for more detailed information on this topic. DCOP The Desktop COmmunication Protocol is a way for applications to communicate to each other. For instance, &knewsticker;'s configuration dialog uses DCOP to tell the applet itself about the current configuration. &knewsticker; provides an extensive DCOP interface which makes it possible to control many of &knewsticker;'s functions from the commandline. For more detailled information on DCOP you might want to visit http://developer.kde.org/documentation/library/2.0-api/dcop/HOWTO.html for a complete explanation. ALSA Advanced &Linux; Sound Architecture; a &Linux; sound card driver; not currently included with the standard kernel source code. &arts; Analog Real-Time Synthesizer; the name of the multimedia architecture/library/toolkit used by the &kde; project (note capitalization) BSD Berkeley Software Distribution; here refers to any of several free &UNIX;-compatible operating systems derived from BSD &UNIX;. CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture; a standard for implementing object-oriented remote execution. CVS Concurrent Versions System; a software configuration management system used by many software projects including &kde; and &arts;. FFT Fast Fourier Transform; an algorithm for converting data from the time to frequency domain; often used in signal processing. Full Duplex The ability of a sound card to simultaneously record and play audio. GPL GNU General Public License; a software license created by the Free Software Foundation defining the terms for releasing free software. &GUI; Graphical User Interface IDL Interface Definition Language; a programming language independent format for specifying interfaces (methods and data). &kde; K Desktop Environment; a project to develop a free graphical desktop environment for &UNIX; compatible systems. LGPL GNU Lesser General Public License; a software license created by the Free Software Foundation defining the terms for releasing free software; less restrictive than the GPL and often used for software libraries. MCOP Multimedia COmmunication Protocol; the protocol used for communication between &arts; software modules; similar to CORBA but simpler and optimized for multimedia. &MIDI; Musical Instrument Digital Interface; a standard protocol for communication between electronic musical instruments; often also used to refer to a file format for storing &MIDI; commands. OSS Open Sound System; the sound drivers included with the &Linux; kernel (sometimes called OSS/Free) or a commercial version sold by 4Front Technologies. Milk Chocolate Milk Chocolate is a simple, minimalist user interface plugin &arts; &arts; is the Analog Real-time Synthesizer. A powerful media framework used by &noatun; K-Jöfol This plugin loads skins originally used under a &Windows; media player under the same name. Keyz Keyz allows you to assign keystrokes to actions in &noatun; Young Hickory Young Hickory is a system tray plugin. Noatun Kaiman is a plugin that loads skins from the media player GQMPEG. Kaiman is also &noatun;'s predecessor, and was distributed with &kde; for &kde; 2.0. When &noatun; was introduced in &kde; 2.1, Kaiman's skin loader became a &noatun; plugin. ASCII Stands for American standard code for information interchange. This is what many people mean when they say plain text. &kword; can read and write documents in ASCII format. Aspect Ratio This is the ratio of the measurement of a screen, picture or document horizontally compared to the vertical measurement. All standard computer monitors have the same aspect ratio, regardless of their resolution. Any &kword; document that conforms to the standard screen will look good on any monitor. For many images, it is important to maintain the aspect ratio. This prevents distortion to the picture. Binary code Binary code is the actual instructions for the computer. So if we refer to binaries we mean the executable &kword; program. While computers have no difficulties reading binary files, they are not easily understood by people. Compare to Source Code. Bitmap Image Bit mapped images are composed of individual dots. This type of file is very good for photographs and complex drawings. The downside of using bitmap images, is that when you change the size of the image on the page, there is a loss of detail. The file names of such pictures often end in jpeg, png or gif. Compare to Clipart. Cells Tables are made up of rows and columns of cells. Each cell is defined by a combination of the row and column of a heading. Clipart Clip art refers to vector based graphics. These graphic files describe the picture as a collection of lines, curves and dots. These file formats are preferable to bit-mapped images, because their size can be made larger or smaller, without any loss in quality. The downside of vector formats, is that it can be quite difficult to describe certain types of photographs using only lines and curves. These images result in difficult, complicated files and most of the benefits of vector formats are lost. Compare to Bitmap images. Clipboard The clipboard is a temporary storage area in memory. Whenever you use the Cut or Copy command, you are placing the object that was selected into this memory location. Then when you use the Paste command, you insert the information from the clipboard into the document. For more information see the section on Cut/Copy/Paste. Compiling When you compile a program, you are converting it from a source file (which is easily edited by a programmer) into a binary file (which the computer uses). If you are planning on compiling &kword;, please try to find a binary version of &koffice; first. Compiling programs is not for the beginner. For more information on compiling &kword;, see the section entitled Installation Custom Variables Using custom variables you can store certain values (⪚ numbers or text) for later use in your document or in a script. DEB This is a binary file format that is used by Debian and Debian based distributions. This will be the suffix of a file specifically for these distributions. An example would be koffice-1.2.deb. For more information on installing these files, refer to the Debian Web Site. Dialog Box A dialog box is a small window that appears on top of your working document. This window usually has questions, information or configuration options related to the task you are performing. When you are finished with the dialog box, it will disappear and return you to your document (possibly after making some changes to the document). DTP Stands for DeskTop Publishing. FAQ Stands for Frequently Asked Questions and normally means a document, where questions that arise many times are answered. If you have a question to the developers of &koffice;, you should always have a look at the FAQ first. You'll find the latest version here. File Mask A file mask can be thought of as a strainer for you. On the average computer, there are several thousand files. These files are sorted into sub-directories, but it is not uncommon for many users to have 100's of data files in a single sub-directory. Fortunately for us, most applications use a suffix to their filenames. By applying a file mask, &kword; will only show you the files which are not filtered out by the mask. (That is to say &kword; only shows the files that fit through the strainer). This can be helpful if you have many files from many different applications. The file mask is incorporated in the File Type line of the save and load dialog boxes. As an example. If you use a file mask for &kword; files, the file mask will try to filter out all files that are not for &kword;. Filter A filter takes a document file from one program (⪚ &Microsoft; Word), and filters out the text and formatting information and converts that information into a &kword; document. Filters are used to read and write files for other programs. Footer The footer of a page is an area below the normal text area. Often it contains the page numbering and maybe some additional information. The contents of the footer are normally the same for most pages, and changing the footer on one page will change all other pages as well. See Header. Frame Nearly everything in &kword; is in a frame. Text is always in a text frame. Pictures are in picture frames. Parts are in part frames. A frame is basically just a rectangle that can contain some part of your document. Frames can be moved, resized, deleted etc. Frameset A frame-set is a group of frames which are connected together. If you're writing text that doesn't fit into the first frame of a frame-set, it will continue in the next frame belonging to that frame-set. &FTP; &FTP; is the File Transfer Protocol. It's an Internet protocol that allows you to retrieve files from so-called &FTP; servers. If you want to download &koffice; from the Internet, you'll probably use &FTP;. Hard Frame Break Normally, &kword; automatically adjusts text so it fits into a text frame. By inserting a hard frame break you can force &kword; to always start the next frame in the frameset with the text that follows the break. Header The header of a page is an area above the normal text area. Often it contains the page numbering and maybe some additional information. The contents of the header normally are the same for most pages, and changing the header on one page will change all other pages as well. See Footer. HTML Stands for HyperText Markup Language. Most web pages on the Internet are written in HTML. &kword; can read and write HTML documents for publishing on the World Wide Web. Hue Hue is a more technically correct term for what we generally refer to as color. Examples of hues include red, green, blue and purple. Inline frame An inline frame is a special frame type in &kword;. Inline frames are associated with a position in a text frame. &kword; will keep the inline frame near the specified text. You will not be able to determine where exactly on a page the frame will appear, but it will be located close to the specified text. If you insert or delete text in front of the specified text, the inline image will move up or down the page to follow the specified text Inline frames are very useful when they contain a picture, graph or figure. Simply place the inline frame within the text which describes the object, and &kword; will make sure both the text and the inline frame are always near each other. &kde; Stands for the K Desktop Environment. Part of &kde; is required for &kword; to operate. The K Desktop Environment is a user interface which allows users to manipulate files and operate programs graphically. For more information, please visit www.kde.org. Key Binding Foo Landscape When you have a standard sheet of paper, you can either orient your document with the long side vertically or horizontally. When the horizontal dimension is greater than the vertical, this is termed Landscape. Compare with Portrait. Menubar The menubar is located at the top of the &kword; screen. You can use it to access all features of &kword;. Menubar: Portrait When you have a standard sheet of paper, you can either orient your document with the long side vertically or horizontally. When the vertical dimension is greater than the horizontal, this is termed Portrait. Example: Compare with Landscape. RPM This is the binary file format for distributions based on the &RedHat; package manager, a widely used packaging tool for the &Linux; operating system. If you still have to get &koffice; and your system supports RPM packages, you should get &koffice; packages ending in .rpm. They are very easy to use. Saturation Saturation refers to the subjective quantity of a specific hue in a color. Colors with a low saturation appear more white. Colors with high saturation appear more richly colored. This is a set of four red dots which increase in saturation from left to right. Scaling Pictures Whenever you change the size of a graphics image, you are scaling that image. In &kword; you scale the pictures by changing the shape of the frame which surrounds the graphic. Source Code Source code is the human readable version of an application (such as &kword;). Computers cannot use source code directly. Instead, source code must be compiled into binary code, before use. TAR Tar is a tool used for the archiving of files in so-called tar-files which you recognize by their suffix .tar. You'll find &koffice; source and binary distributions as gzipped tar-files. However, you shouldn't use them if there are special packages for your system and package manager. See RPM, DEB. tar.gz See TGZ. TGZ Files ending in .tar.gz or .tgz are tar-files compressed with the gzip program. This makes the tar files smaller and quicker to download. You'll find &koffice; source and binary distributions in this format. However, you shouldn't use them if there are special packages for your system and package manager. See RPM, DEB. Toolbar A toolbar is a line of buttons which are shortcuts to more of the commonly used features of &kword;. &URL; &URL; is an abbreviation for Universal Resource Locater. A universal resource locater is the technical term for what is commonly referred to as a websites address. Examples of &URL;s include http://www.koffice.org and http://www.kde.org Value (color) Color value refers to how bright or dark a color is. Colors with low value are more black in appearance. Colors with high value are more richly colored. This is a set of four red dots which increase in value from left to right. Vector Image A vector based graphic is described in terms of lines and shapes, not in terms of dots. These files are often referred to as clip-art. Because of this, clipart usually scales better than bit-mapped images. WYSIWYG Stands for What You See Is What You Get. &kword; is a WYSIWYG word processor, which means that the document will appear the same on the screen while you are editing it, as it will on the printed page. &X-Window; system The &X-Window; System (also known simply as X) is required for &koffice; to operate. More information on &X-Window; for &Linux; can be found at http://www.xfree86.org Bump Map A bump map is a way to simulate a rough surface, without having to model every single bump on the surface, and without changing the underlying geometric shape of the object itself. It is common to use the same file as both a bump map and a texture map. Primitives Primitives are the basic geometric shapes that you can use as building blocks. Most complex 3d models are created from many dozens, or even hundreds, of these primitives, which are then edited and manipulated to give a more realistic appearance. Rendering Not yet written Texture Map A texture map is a way of applying color to the surface of an object on a pixel by pixel basis, by applying an image file as a color map. It is common to use the same image file as a bump map.